Steel production is highly reliant on coal, which is primarily used as a reducing agent to extract iron from iron ore and to provide the carbon content needed in steel. Over the past decade, total CO2 emissions from the iron and steel sector have risen, largely owning to increases in steel demand. The direct CO2 intensity of crude steel production has decreased slightly in the past few years, but efforts need to be accelerated to get on track with the pathway in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. ​ Steel is one of the categories in the first wave Europe's CBAM regulations.

The chemical sector is the largest industrial energy consumer and the third largest industry subsector in terms of direct CO2 emissions. This is largely because around half of the chemical subsector’s energy input is consumed as feedstock – fuel used as a raw material input rather than as a source of energy. There is growing demand for a vast array of chemical products, including plastics, and demand for primary chemicals – an indication of activity in the sector overall – has increased strongly.

For the past couple of decades, the automotive industry has been under considerable pressure from governments and society to pursue a more sustainable model of growth. ​ The industry, in response, has been working on addressing many of these concerns. For instance, between 2000 and 2015, EU automotive companies were ahead of the carbon footprint reduction targets set by regulators. ​ Implementation of sustainability initiatives are limited by fragmentation and complex supply chains that limit visibility and coordinated action.

luminium is both an important input to several technologies critical to the energy transition, and a significant source of CO2. Direct emissions from the global aluminium sector have been steadily rising over the past decade, driven by increasing production, which is expected to continue expanding due to population and economic growth. ​ Aluminum is one of the categories in the first wave Europe's CBAM regulations

As the global implications of climate change become increasingly apparent, there is a growing focus on the carbon footprint and environmental impact of electronics manufacturing. ​ Consumer habits and shorter electronics lifecycles are creating electronic waste that has a significant environmental impact. And if that weren’t enough, the amount of data sent and stored globally requires an ever-increasing number of data centers that use electricity to power servers and cooling systems, creating a significant carbon footprint.

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